The Theory Of Personality Development Essay - 2133 Words

Theories of personality, ones that have both differences and similarities among each other, are of significance for they offer comprehensive information about human nature. From Freud’s psychoanalysis to Bandura’s modeling theory, these theories are not necessarily rigid and firm as they may not enable one to understand the personality development of all individuals from various backgrounds, whether ethnic or socioeconomic. Abraham Maslow, a psychologist considered to be the founder of the humanistic psychological approach, focuses on positive human qualities and although he had what is described as a â€Å"miserable† childhood, full of inferiority feelings and compensation, he claimed that as a society, we underestimate human nature (Schultz, 2013). To Maslow, personality development is based on the hierarchy of five innate needs, ones arranged from strongest (the need for self-actualization), largely, higher motives of altruism and morality to weakest, such as the physiological need for food. This paper aims to first, discuss Maslow’s Needs-Hierarch Theory, and to further, assess which needs are not met by refugees, and if not met, would this be indicative that the personality of refugees would not develop properly; in a healthy way? More so, can an individual, specifically a refugee, fulfill the need for self-actualization, while lacking the other needs? Subsequently, the final purpose of this paper is to evaluate the theory on the basis of how well it addresses the realShow MoreRelatedPersonality Theory Of Personality Development1325 Words   |  6 PagesMany personality theorists offered different explanations for human behaviors as well as established specific stages of personality development. However, person centered theory does not have a theory of personality structure, rather believes that it is essential to follow certain principles in order to develop the self-concept. Rogers’s theory of personality is based on the notion that all individuals ha ve the innate ability to reach actualizing tendency and establish a self-concept, which is congruentRead MoreThe Theory Of Personality Development Essay1128 Words   |  5 Pagesthey respond to times the way that they do? Personalities, everyone has a different personality. Personality development are the patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that set you apart from another individual. Many of the theories revolve around that personality is something that begins when you are an infant. Adult personality traits are one of the personalities believed to be based off of infant temperament. That means that their personality traits begin to differ early on in life. SomeRead MoreTheories of Personality Development3138 Words   |  13 PagesTHEORIES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT (2 Credits/Compulsory) Course Code: CED 403 Course Title: Theories of Personality Development and Adjustment. Number of Credits: 2 Credits Course Duration: Two hours per week for 15 weeks (30 hours). As taught in 2010/2011 session Lecturer’s name: ONIYE, Abdulrazaq Olayinka Qualifications: B.A.Ed (Islamic Studies Education: Usmanu Dan Fodiyo University Sokoto); M.Ed; PhD (Guidance and Counselling: University of Ilorin); Cert. (Data Processing: UniversityRead MoreThe Theory Of Personality Development Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween opposing wishes and desires† (Collins and Makowsky, 2010, pg. 132). Repression is one of Freud’s many theories to try and explain humans’ actions and behaviors. He supposed that through operant conditioning, people have learned how to act in ways that society would consider as appropriate. Not only that, the father of psychology wrote the theory of personality development and the theories of aggression that have help sociologists understand the contemporary humans’ social behavior, on topics suchRead MoreThe Unconscious Theories Of Personality Development856 Words   |  4 PagesUnconscious There are as many theories of the effects of unconscious motivations to behavior as there are general theories of personality. Some theorists, such as Freud, consider the unconscious at the very least highly influential, if not the sole motivating force behind personality development. Unconscious motivations have been linked to genetic predispositions, and up to 50% of variances can be linked to genetics (Bleidorn et al., 2014). Psychodynamic theories are often considered to hold intellectualRead MoreThe Freudian Theory Of Personality Development1329 Words   |  6 Pagespsychoanalytic theory. She argued that in mainstream Hollywood film women were merely objects. Post war avant-garde film makers were able to stay away from the trend of commercial cinema at the time. Although, it depends on avant-garde film directors and writer’s point of view but most of the time they did not share the same styles as commercial cinema. Mulvey studied the Freudian and Lacanian philosophies on personality development. She went in depth with the Freudian psychoanalytic theory of personalityRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Personality Development1802 Words   |  8 PagesPersonality Report There are many theorists that have made psychology incredible, and have paved the way for what we believe psychology to consist of today. Some important theorists that I believe have made a huge contribution are Sigmund Freud, Karen Horney, and Dollard and Miller. These theorists have all had their own view on personality development, and I believe that these ideas have shaped the way in which we view psychology today. The many interpretations of conflict, psychotherapy, and culturalRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Personality Development1802 Words   |  8 Pages Personality Report There are many theorists that have made psychology incredible, and have paved the way for what we believe psychology to consist of today. Some important theorists that I believe have made a huge contribution are Sigmund Freud, Karen Horney, and Dollard and Miller. These theorists have all had their own view on personality development, and I believe that these ideas have shaped the way in which we view psychology today. The many interpretations of conflict, psychotherapy, and culturalRead MoreTheories Of Personality And Psychosocial Development2308 Words   |  10 PagesPsychoanalysis and Psychosexuality Carolyn Bennett PSY/330 Theories of Personality Maurita Hodge 04/27/2015 I have chosen psychosexual and psychosocial development; for my model of presentation. In Freudian psychology, psychosexual development is a central element of the psychoanalytic sexual drive theory, that human beings, from birth, possess an instinctual libido (sexual energy) that develops in five stages. Each stage – the oral, the anal, the phallic, the latent, and the genitalRead MoreCognitive Theory And Personality Development Essay2207 Words   |  9 PagesPersonality Development Position CBT assumes that development is continuous throughout the lifespan. Therefore, personality is adaptable. Personality development in CBT emphasizes cognitive learning processes, such as thinking and judging. Personality is developed out of learning experiences in which cognitive constructs are formed. These cognitive constructs serve as our lens in which we view the world and our future experiences (Newman Newman, 2012). Maladapted constructs often occur in early

Essay On The Movie Crash - 1440 Words

The movie we saw was Crash. Ms H I have to tell you this I could’ve wrote a huge essay on how I enjoyed that movie. From that time the movie has taught and it hit me to when watching. We always need to watch our backs because the society we live in. It showed about racism. I have a real story for you Ms.H what just happened 2 months ago. My parents just went to Ohio; they went to my cousin’s house. My Dad is an open soul happy guy who likes to talk to everyone. He went out to say Hi to the neighbors and my cousin’s neighbors told him â€Å"No I wont say hi to you† and walked in his home and shut his door. Just because my dad had a turban. They never had seen a turban guy before down their, plus its all what the media shows especially in rural†¦show more content†¦And would come back to rob them again. It hurts my heart what would the person be feeling the victim here if this were a real story what a shame. This fits perfect because both of them a re judging a group of people. In every race we have bad apples and good apples. If some bad apples mess up the reputation doesn’t mean the whole race is bad. Stereotyping is a huge problem in the USA. Judging group just by the way they look like. It affects alot in communication. Example if I see a Hispanic guy outside someone might say â€Å"Oh he’s a construction worker† but really he might be a lawyer, doctor etc. Stereotyping happened to me to, this was when I was a senior. A nova staff member was at my high school and his computer broke and I had to go meet him to fill out my application. When I entered the room he goes like to me â€Å"Oh finally you’re here to fix my computer!† I just look at him and say no. Then he made up an excuse, which I still laugh at today, I was wearing a red shirt and the Nova guy tells me â€Å"The school employees told me the person who will fix my computer will be wearing a red shirt†. I just walked away 2min later the actual computer guy came in wearing our school logo blue shirt. Plus I’m Indian and he everyone knows mostly all Indian are computer people that might’ve been another point for him. Like in the begging of the film when the Iran Family was trying to buy a gun you can seeShow MoreRelatedCrash Movie Essay1298 Words   |  6 Pagesevident in the movie â€Å"Crash† directed by Paul Haggis, that people misconceive others due to judgement on their physical traits. Throughout the movie, the characters living in Los Angeles face the challenges of fitting in a town populated by people of different colours. The offenders are the â€Å"white† people whereas the victims are everyone else. The presence of racism is the main cause of every conflict that occurs in the movie. The majority of the racism involved in the movie is towards the negroRead MoreThe Movie Crash Essay1031 Words   |  5 PagesWriter-director Paul Haggis Movie â€Å"Crash† written in 2004, tells an interconnecting story of what Whites, Blacks, Latinos, Iranians, cops and criminals. Regardless of their Social Economic Academic or Political background, they are all defined in one way or another by racism. Crash represents the modern condition as a violent bumper car ride (Variety) which connects stories based on coincidences serendipity, and luck as the lives of the characters crash against one another. The movie presumes that most peopleRead MoreThe Movie Crash Essay2009 Words   |  9 Pages Ashley Austin Movie: Crash Diversity Class September 22, 2017 Set in Los Angeles, California and gives us a glimpse at the complex racial makeup of the city, and how race affects the entire dynamic of it all. The movie is intense and fast paced, taking place within a short 36-hour window. The main characters:Read MoreCrash Movie Analysis Essay1033 Words   |  5 PagesCrash tells interlocking stories of whites, blacks, Latinos, Koreans, Iranians, cops and criminals, the rich and the poor, the powerful and powerless, all defined in one way or another by racism. All are victims of it, and all are guilty it. Sometimes, yes, they rise above it, although it is never that simple. Their negative impulses may be instinctive, their positive impulses may be dangerous, and who knows what the other person is thinking? The result is a movie of intense fascination; we understandRead MoreCrash: A Movie Review Essay3090 Words   |  13 PagesMost people are born with good hearts, but as they grow up they learn prejudices. â€Å"Crash† is a movie that brings out bigotry and racial stereotypes. The movie is set in Los Angeles, a city with a cultural mix of every nationality. The story begins when several people are involved in a multi-car accident. Several stories interweave during two days in Los Angeles involving a collection of inter-related characters, a police detective with a drugged out mother and a mischief younger brother, two carRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Crash Movie1973 Words   |  8 PagesThe white supremacy movie The Oscar-winning best picture -- extensively prefigured, especially by white liberals, for proceeding an honest discussion of race in the United States -- is, in fact, a holdup in the crucial project of forcing white America to come to terms the reality of race and racism, white supremacy and white privilege. The central theme of the film is simple: Everyone is prejudiced -- black, white, Asian, Iranian and, we are responsible, anyone from any other racial or ethnicRead MoreEssay on Racial Sterotypes in the Movie Crash966 Words   |  4 PagesCrash is a movie that had several detailed events of sociological concepts. The movie Crash showed that everyone created has good intentions and good hearts but unfortunately they may grow up and learn the prejudices of the world. Crash is a movie that brings out racial stereotypes; as the movie is set in Los Angeles, a city with a diverse race of every nationality. The movie starts off with several people being involved in a car accident. We are then taken back to the day before the crash, whereRead MoreSummary and Overview on the Movie Crash Essay985 Words   |  4 PagesCrash Collision of Absolute Bigotry This movie Directed by Paul Haggis who also directed Academy Award Winning Million Dollar Baby and had also won an Academy Award for this movie as well puts a twisted story in this film. This movie is trying to symbolize what goes on in the world today in regards to racism and stereotypes. He tries to make a point on how societies view themselves and others in the world based on there ethnicities. This movie intertwines several different peoples livesRead More Stereotypes and Diversity in the Movie, Crash Essay1200 Words   |  5 Pages(The New York Company). Crash is a great example because it shows others stereotyping individuals in many ways. According to Schingel, it is the perfect analogy of how we as a human race deal with life, people and our own experiences. The movie, released in 2005, shows each characters point of view, rather it be from an African-American, Caucasian, or a Latino. It follows each character throughout the movie to show how they live their daily liv es. Crash is known for having numerousRead More Rhetorical Analysis of Crash the movie Essay1316 Words   |  6 Pagesso much, that we crash into each other, just so we can feel something. -Graham from the Motion Picture Crash (2005) This quote refers to the diversity in Los Angeles and how people put up personal barriers and are hesitant to trust others. Crash is a movie that really gets people to look at their own prejudices and to the roots of their morality by showing the hidden racism and prejudices that are very present in our society and even in ourselves today. If this movie were to be summarized

Organizational Behaviour Data Collection Method

Question: Discuss about theOrganizational Behaviour for Data Collection Method. Answer: Introduction This research essay is valuable to provide a critical analysis of an article the critical challenges facing New Zealands chief executives: implications for management skills that is written by the authors Ann Hutchinson and Peter Boxall (Hutchison and Boxall, 2014). Along with this, the essay is helpful to identify a relevant thesis statement/question from the article. The essay also demonstrates the strengths as well as weaknesses of the article in an appropriate way. Moreover, this research essay also beneficial to state the key point of this study from the point of view of the reader. Thesis Statement The thesis statement of the article is: To discover the challenges that are faced by the chief executives of New Zealand in the implementations of management skills and also observe that how these challenges influence the management ability of managing uncertainty, stakeholders, people, and limited resources. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Article On the basis of the thesis statement, there are numerous strengths as well as weaknesses of this research article. For case, the major strength of this article is that, the authors used an effective data collection method to find out an appropriate conclusion for the problem. In this article, data collection method is used by the researchers to solve the research problem in a proper way (Grant and Booth, 2009). For example, in this research article, the researchers involved approximately 1000 organizations to collect data and to get accurate results. Moreover, in the research, around 265 chief executives also participated to conduct the research in an effective and an appropriate manner. Along with this, the survey method is an appropriate method that plays a significant role in order to collect current as well as primary data that are related to the problem. Apart from this, the survey method does not involve past as well as secondary data information in order to solve a research pr oblem (Kulkarni, Aziz, Shams and Busse, 2009). Primary data are also beneficial to improve the consistency as well as credibility of the article and to validate the findings or results of the research in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. In addition to this, open-ended questions, quantitative analysis, proper sampling and response rate of the research also point toward the strength of the article. Along with this, the other major strength of this research is that it also includes the secondary data and the results of previously conducted researches to keep up the trustworthiness and reliability of the outcomes of this research article (Datta, Guthrie and Wright, 2005). In this research article, the researchers also include recent articles and authors views as references only to increase reliability of the research study. On the other hand, proper formation of the research study, appropriate list of the references, and neat clean writing style as well as language are also the other major strengths of the research article. It is because of the researchers and readers can read and understand the research article in an ease way (Lindon, Holmes and Nicholson, 2006). Apart from this, there are numerous weaknesses of this research article. For case, the main weakness is that the aim, objectives, and hypothesis of the research are not declared in a clear way. Moreover, the researchers did not state the variables types in the research clearly that is also the other weakness of this research study. In other words, it also can be said that, the researchers did not mention that they used independent variables or dependent variables to conduct the research study. This type of uncertainty has a negative impact on the consistency and validity of the research outcomes (Wright, Brand, Dunn and Spindler, 2007). Critical Evaluation of Article In the research article, the authors sated that, management capabilities are essential for the nation. Moreover, three fundamental sets of management skills such as: managing uncertainty renewal, managing stakeholders partners, and managing people internal resources are also required. Along with this, the authors also said that, in todays advanced technological and rapidly changing business era, the chief executives of New Zealand face a lot of challenges and also unable to provide support to the stakeholders (Johnson and Christensen, 2010). On the other hand, because of the demographic wave of baby-boomer retirements, the chief executives face a war for talent at national as well as international level; and this is influencing the leadership positions business firms. In addition to this, in the private sector, chief executives of New Zealand are implementing and reframing their business models in order to meet fast-paced and uncertain changes of the businesses. Furthermore, in the public as well as not-for-profit organizations, chief executives are changing their funding on which they have little control. It is because of with the help of this, they would be able to enhance their funding in a high demands and rising costs environment (Goddard and Melville, 2004). Along with this, in the research article, the researchers expressed accurate finding that the current business environment has created numerous major challenges for management that are influencing the management their abilities in a negative way. The article also portrayed that the issues that New Zealands chief executives are facing are related to the renewal and restructure of the organizations. In this situation, manages must have better abilities so they can handle all these systemat ic problems in an effective and an appropriate manner (Hutchinson and Boxall, 2014). Moreover, HR specialists must focus on the skill development and proper training of the employees; so they can deal with the internal and external challenges in a significant way. Viewpoint about the Article In this research article, the researchers used previous studies to portray the current challenges that are faced by the chief executives of New Zealand. This article is very helpful to me in order to appreciate the above defined thesis statement and the research topic or problem in an appropriate way. Along with this, in this research article, the researchers applied a direct method of data collection such as: survey questionnaire that improved my understanding about the data collection method (Vorhies and Morgan, 2005). Moreover, the conclusions or outcomes, literature review, data collection and sampling technique also improve my knowledge and skills about the article. On the other hand, the authors Hutchinson and Boxall (2014) stated that, in todays advanced technological era, the chief executives of New Zealand are facing numerous business challenges. Moreover, the authors involved current and previous data (approximately previous fifteen years data) to illustrate all the issues faced by the chief executives in an accurate way. Along with this, the problem statement of the article is well-written and therefore I am able to recognize the research problem or topic in a proper way. Moreover, in the research study, the researchers included proper literature review and data collection methods to find desired results or conclusion (Kuada, 2012). The writing style and languages of the article is balanced and fully understandable by the readers. Apart from this, I observed that, the only weak point of this research study is that, the authors did not present the research objectives, aims, questions and hypothesis in a proper way. But, literature review, data collection method, data analysis with graph/chart, questionnaire response, and outcomes of this research study are beneficial to improve my perceptive, skills and abilities in an appropriate way (Luo and Bhattacharya, 2006). In this way, this research article is beneficial for the readers to improve their skills, understandings, and knowledge in an effective and a significant manner. Agree/Disagree with the Thesis Statement I do agree with the thesis statement of the article. There are numerous reasons behind this. For case, the thesis statement focuses on the challenges that are faced by the chief executives of New Zealand in the implementations of management skills. In the same way, the research study clears the same thing in its conclusion. It shows that the thesis statement is accurate and in view of that (Hutchison and Boxall, 2014). Along with this, I am agree because of it is true that in todays rapidly changing and technological era, business firms face a lot of challenges to do businesses. In this situation, they are required to reframe and modify their operational as well as business activities to survive in the marketplace. Moreover, I am also agree with the thesis statement because of the article represents and explains the challenges that are faced by the chief executives of private, public, and not-for-profit organizations in a clear and rational way. In addition to this, the finding of th e article; that the chief executives have to develop three fundamental management skills to manage uncertainty, stakeholders and limited resources is also rational and based on reasons (Vigoda-Gadot, 2007). For this reason, I do agree with the thesis statement of the article. Conclusion On the premise of the thesis statement and evaluation of the article, it can be assumed that, in todays more complex and complicated business era, the chief executives of New Zealand are facing a lot of business challenges that are influencing the success of the organizations. Along with this, the defined thesis statement is related to the topic of the article and also rationalizes the key points of research finding. Moreover, appropriate data collection methods, data analysis, literate review and accurate findings are the major strengths of the research study. References Datta, D.K., Guthrie, J.P. and Wright, P.M. (2005). Human Resource Management and Labor Productivity: Does Industry Does Industry Matter?Academy of Management Journal, 48(1), pp. 135145. Goddard, W. and Melville, S. (2004). Research Methodology: An Introduction. USA: Juta and Company Ltd. Grant, M. J., and Booth, A. (2009). A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Information Libraries Journal, 26(2), pp. 91-108. Hutchison, A., and Boxall, P. (2014). The critical challenges facing New Zealand's chief executives: implications for management skills. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 52(1), pp. 23-41. Johnson, B. and Christensen, L. (2010). Educational Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches. USA: SAGE. Kuada, J. (2012). Research Methodology: A Project Guide for University Students. USA: Samfundslitteratur. Kulkarni, A. V., Aziz, B., Shams, I., and Busse, J. W. (2009). Comparisons of citations in Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar for articles published in general medical journals. Jama, 302(10), pp. 1092-1096. Lindon, J. C., Holmes, E., and Nicholson, J. K. (2006). Metabonomics techniques and applications to pharmaceutical research development. Pharmaceutical research, 23(6), pp. 1075-1088. Luo, X. and Bhattacharya, C.B. (2006). Corporate Social Responsibility, Customer Satisfaction, and Market Value. Journal of Marketing, 70(4), pp. 1-18. Vigoda-Gadot, E. (2007). Leadership style, organizational politics, and employees performance. Personnel Review, 36(5), pp. 661-683. Vorhies, D.W. and Morgan, N.A. (2005). Benchmarking Marketing Capabilities for Sustainable Competitive Advantage. Journal of Marketing, 69, pp. 8094. Wright, R. W., Brand, R. A., Dunn, W., and Spindler, K. P. (2007). How to write a systematic review. Clinical orthopaedics and related research, 455, pp. 23-29.

Middle Childhood and Adolescent Development

Introduction The development of an individual highly relies on factors that originate from the surrounding environment. According to Vygotsky’s social development theory, the environment around an individual determines his/her physical and mental development especially through social interaction (Lightbrown and Spada, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Middle Childhood and Adolescent Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, the influence that an individual receives from his/her peers and other individuals within a given social setting will ultimately influence the development of his/her character. Therefore, positive peer interaction is usually advocated for during the middle childhood and adolescent stages of development to ensure that an individual develops a character that is socially and morally acceptable (Berger, 2008). Studies that have specifically focused on the middle childhood stage of development have revealed that peer interaction, friendship, and acceptance are critical factors that determine the level of development in an individual. However, during the adolescent stage, individuals tend to develop an egocentric behavior where they only think about themselves and how other people perceive them. This phenomenon brings about conflicting interests with their school, family members, friends, and future aspirations. While reacting to these conflicting ideas, adolescents tend to become rebellious and their level of motivation highly declines hence increasing their chances of becoming victims of peer pressure and drug and substance abuse. This paper will thus expound on the relationships an individual faces during middle childhood and adolescence, examine the concept of adolescent egocentrism, and finally focus on the pressure faced by adolescents. Relationships during Middle Childhood and Adolescence A child starts to develop a relationship with the people who surround him/her from birth. However, this relationship gradually changes as the child develops. By middle childhood, an individual starts to develop preferences especially in peer relationships. According to Oak (2000), children tend to interact more and develop friendships with peers of the same gender who they have the similar interests and share a relatively similar background. Consequently, the acceptance into a peer group is important. However, for a child to avoid engaging into delinquent behaviors, he/she should develop positive a friendship with his/her peers. Finally, children tend to be egocentric at this stage. They thus tend to compete with their peers on grounds such as classroom grades. As individuals progress into the adolescent stage, they usually experience progressive changes in their relationship. Peer relationships, for instance, dominate the relationship of individuals at this stage. The groups that adolescents form at this stage also comprise of members w ho share similar interests.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, unlike in the middle childhood stage where the peer groups mainly had same sex members, inter gender relationships usually develop at this stage. It is during adolescence that people start dating and to some extent, engage in sexual activity (Blume, 2006). Egocentrism is usually common at this stage especially because image and identity plays a significant role in the cognitive development of an individual by influencing their self-concept, psychological, and emotional traits. It is common for an individual to change friends at this stage due to the image factor but the friendships that are developed at this stage might also last for an extended period of time into adulthood. Peer influence at this stage is also strong but with greater consequences as compared to the prior stage since a negative influence might lead to activities such as drug and substance abuse, violence, crime, and so on. The acceptance of an individual into these peer groups also has a lot of emotional and psychological significance. Being left out of these groups usually diminishes the self-esteem of an individual leading to adverse effects that are mainly characterized by a rebellious character. Therefore, parents are usually advised to maintain close relationships with their adolescent children to motivate and encourage as a means of shaping their behaviors into morally accepted characters and to build their self-esteem (Oak, 2000). Egocentrism in Adolescents Egocentrism starts from childhood and develops into adolescence. During the adolescent stage however, egocentrism develops from the challenges and thoughts of an individual’s self-evaluation. This usually occurs when adolescents modify their thoughts and perceptions in the process of developing their identities. Through self-absorption, adolescents undergo a period in life where they develop their identity and sharpen their process of decision-making. According to Berger (2008), egocentrism during adolescence has two components: The imaginary audience Personal fable The imaginary audience usually develops when the subject develops thoughts about his/her personality and tries to comprehend what other people think about him/her. As a result of these thoughts, adolescents tend to become self-conscious. In the process, they usually become consumed with their thoughts and ideologies. This process is so strong that adolescents believe that other people whom they share a common relationship with (friends, schoolmates, family members, and so on) should also believe in similar ideologies and concepts. On the other hand, the personal fable compliments the ideologies that adolescents had developed through the imaginary audience phase by making them believe that they are special or unique. Due to the exaggerations of their beliefs and ideologies, such individuals develop the notion that they cannot become victims of unfortunate circumstances of the world. This therefore explains why adolescents engage in risky activities such as crime, unprotected sex, and disobeying the law for males while females have additional characteristics such as obsession with their looks and weight. Adolescents believe that the resultant image of these activities make them to be considered as great individuals especially among their peers (Berger, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Middle Childhood and Adolescent Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pressures that Adolescents Face Given the environment that surrounds them, their ideologies, and their characters, adolescents usually face a number of pressures in the process of development and transition into adulthood. Examples of the pressure that adolescents face include: Sexuality and dating Drug and substance a buse Peer pressure Family issues According to Oak (2000), the major challenge that adolescents face is to make the decision between what they are expected to do (what is considered morally right by the society) and what they want to do at this stage. Making this decision is usually challenging hence bringing about an immense pressure within adolescents. For instance, two teenagers might engage in sex. This situation might end up being fun for both parties if they both agreed to engage in the act. However, there might be instances where one of them might not support the idea hence turning the incident into rape. In adverse situations, the girl could end up being pregnant and contracting a sexually transmitted disease such as gonorrhea, syphilis, or HIV. It is also during this stage that individuals realize their sexuality. It would thus be difficult for a homosexual adolescent to come present himself/herself to his/her family or the society especially if homosexuality is has not bee n accepted as a norm. An adolescent might also face a lot of pressure while trying to fit in a group. At this stage, it is considered ‘cool’ among peers if a girl is a member of the most beautiful girls in school or the cheerleading squad. Failure to become a member of these groups might have serious self-esteem damage to the individual. On the other hand, male adolescents might join gangs that usually require them to commit an act of crime as an initiation process. Many teenagers have been arrested and sentenced due to such acts hence losing an essential stage of their life. Divorce, domestic violence, death of a parent, poverty, or low income might are some of the family issues that have immense pressure on an adolescent. To overcome this pressure, adolescents usually seek support and advice from their peers. Due to their vulnerability, they might easily be recruited into gangs or become addicts of different substances as a means of trying to get away from reality by being high. Some adolescent usually develop violent behavior due to the stress and tension that comes about as a result of conflicts within the family. In some rare cases, adolescents have ended up killing their parents or killing themselves as a means of overcoming such pressure.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion During middle childhood, friendship plays a significant role in the development of an individual. In adolescents, peer influence is also critical but with dire consequences. Individuals are also conscious about their identity and behavior. Finally, given the fact that adolescents face a lot of pressure, it is advised that they receive positive guidance and support from family members, peers, and reputable individuals and institutions within the society to ensure that they develop into sensible adults. References Blume, L.B. (2006). Childhood Development. Journal of Human Behaviour, 2(1), 14-22. Berger, K. S. (2008). The developing person through the life span. New York: Worth Publishers. Lightbrown, P. and Spada, N. (2006). How languages are learned. New York. Oxford University Press. Oak, M. (2000). Negative and Positive Effects of Peer Pressure. Retrieved from https://aptparenting.com/negative-positive-effects-of-peer-pressure This essay on Middle Childhood and Adolescent Development was written and submitted by user Xavi Chapman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.